Greek Credo in 11th Century Pontifical of Salzburg

 The circa 1050AD Pontifical of Salzburg contains the service for the Making of Catechumens.  Within the service, the Symbol of Faith, or Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, is appointed to be given in both Greek and Latin. 

The Greek is written in Latin letters; of noticeable import would be the section concerning the Holy Ghost in the Creed, which reads: 

"Ke is to Penumato Agion to Kyrion ke Zopion to ek thu Patros ek porreugemenon to sin Patri ke Io sin proskinumenon ke sin doxa" 

Which, in English, would be:

"And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, with the Father and the Son together worshipped and glorified." 

When the Symbol is repeated in Latin on the next page, it has the notorious interpolation of "Filioque" in the section concerning the Procession. 

There does seem to have been a desire in areas when the Symbol was being interpolated in Latin, to retain the uncorrupted text in Greek, however. 

1039 Freising Pontifical and the Filioque

 In the 1039 Pontifical of Freising, from Germany, in the section for Baptism, which follows the Old Roman Ordo of apportioning out the Catechumenate, especially in the last week of Lent, we have noticeable items like the tradition [giving] of the Our Father and Symbol. 

https://usuarium.elte.hu/book/838/view

In the section for the giving of the Symbol of Faith [i.e. the Credo in Unum Deum], it gives, like in the Gelasian Sacramentary, the Symbol to be recited in Greek and Latin.  

In the Symbol in Greek (transliterated into Latin letters), we have chant notation above the words; the text is given absent the infamous "Filioque" addition.

However, only a page or two later, when the Symbol is recited in Latin, the notorious addition of "Filioque" is lamentably found in the Latin text.

This, as we have noted in previous posts, is different than in the Pontifical of Poitiers, which gives the Greek and Latin text of the Symbol absent the "Filioque", as well as in the 1025 Subiaco Missal, which similarly gives the Greek and Latin text of the Symbol unaltered as well. 

I speculate that that a certain high degree of importance was attached to the Greek text of the Symbol in Latin books, as you will often find chant notation attached to the Greek Symbol over against the Latin in the Catechumenate; this gives a certain degree of added solemnity, and, even in the 11th century as the "Filioque" addition found its place more and more in different books in the Latin West, more often than not the Greek text was always preserved in Latin books free from corruption. 

Greek Credo from 10th Century Essen Sacramentary

 The Essen Sacramentary, which is dated 950-1000AD, contains, beginning on page 405 (fol. 203r) the Ordinary Chants of the Mass in Greek, but, like most other Greek Ordinaries, it is transliterated into Latin letters. 

Of course, the Credo says:

"ke is tu Pneumatu Agyon tu Kyrion ke Zopion to ek tu Patros ek poreugomenos"

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.]

Also of interest is that it gives the Eastern Cherubic Hymn to be sung for the Offertory. 

Additional info about the Essen Sacramentary can be located at the Usuarium digital liturgical manuscript collection site. 

Hamilton 552, 11th Century Latin Psalter with Uninterpolated Latin Credo

 Uninterpolated Credo in 11^th Century Latin liturgical book from Germany (though, this Psalter may have a connection with Durham, England?):

https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN736607951&PHYSID=PHYS_0399&DMDID=DMDLOG_0006

MS Hamilton 552:

http://musmed.eu/source/8815

is an 11^th Century Medieval Psalter Book, with additional Divine Office prayers, etc. It contains, at the end of the Psalter, like other Medieval Psalters, various Canticles, as well as versions of the Credo; often one only sees the Apostles’ Creed. In this particular Latin Psalter from 11^th Century Germany, on page 339, however, there is the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (Symbol), in an unadulterated form, in Latin (but with transliterated Greek interlinear).

 Thus it reads in the section concerning the Holy Ghost:

[Latin]

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit, Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur, Qui locutus est per Prophetas.”

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Lifegiver, Who from the Father Proceedeth, Who with the Father and the Son together is adored and glorified, Who spake through the Prophets.]

At the very least, historiography will have to admit that there were several places and traditions in the West even in the 11^th century that resisted any interpolation.

Greek and Latin Credo in 10th Century Cod. Sang. 318 and the Filioque

 Cod. Sang. 318 is a 10^th Century Cantatorium / Gradual from St. Gallen Monastery in Switzerland. In the section that gives the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith in Greek and Latin, see page 21:

https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0381/21/0/

In Latin it simply reads as:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life, Who from the Father Proceedeth.”]

In the transliterated Greek it reads much the same, except, I believe, a later hand has added “ke Yio” (and the Son) so that it follows “ek tu Patros.”

That is, in a slightly less darker ink, a little off to the side a later hand interpolate the manuscript, so, instead of reading originally as “Ke is to Penumato Agion to Kyrrion ke Zoopion ton ek tu Patros ek poreugomenon,” after “ton ek tu Patro” the phrase “ke Yio” is added.”

But, yet the later hand forgot to interpolate the Latin Symbol, instead leaving it uncorrupted as “Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

Often, when later redactors go over books, it is not too difficult to tell when they start adding things; something seems strangely out of place, a phrase off to the side that is evident, a lighter or even different color ink, etc.

Yet, this is an important testimony that the Latin variant of the Credo that reads “Qui ex Patre Procedit” instead of “Ex Patre Procedentem” did exist without a Filioque interpolation.

Greek Symbol of Faith (Credo) in the 950 Sacramentary of Mainz

 In the 10th Century Sacramentary of Mainz, probably belong to Abbey of St. Alban, we find the Ordinary of the Mass (i.e., Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, etc) written in Greek transliterated in Latin letters. 

For the Symbol of Faith, or Credo, on page 10 we read the following:

"Ke is to Pneumato Agion to Kirion ke Zoopion to ek tu Patros ekporeugemnon to sin Patri ke Io sin proskynumenos ke sin doxa." 

That is:

"And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, with the Father and the Son together worshipped and glorified." 

Singing the Ordinary of the Mass in the Greek language was not entirely unknown in the Latin West at the time. 

11th Century Subiaco Missal with Uninterpolated Credo

 Yet another example of an uncorrupted book from the 11th century.

For reference purposes:

Here is BAV, Vat. Lat. 04770, or the Subiaco Missal (yes, that Subiaco, famed after St. Benedict's Monastery founded there), of about 1025.
https://usuarium.elte.hu/book/1584/view

https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.4770

If we turn to the section that has the Making of a Catechumen service, part of Baptism, specifically on pages 97v and r we find the Credo recited first in Greek (in transliterated Latin letters), and then in Latin.

The transliterated Greek contains the Credo with simply "from the Father Proceeding".

If you look on the next page, for the formally recited Latin text, it reads:
"Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, ex Patre Procedentem, Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur."
["And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, Who with the Father and the Son together is adored and glorified."]

This is another example of an uninterpolated Credal text in the Latin West prior to the Great Schism. Subiaco was an important monastery centre, since it was where St. Benedict founded his first monastery.

Greek Credo in 11th Century Pontifical of Emperor Henry III

There is an 11th Century Pontifical that is connected with the Emperor Henry III; it seems to have probably been made for the Archbishop of Salzburg.  It is of the Romano-German type; and derives from a the same stream as the mid-11th century Winchester Pontifical that was copied from a Continental type.  

Like that Pontifical, it gives the Credo in Greek and then in Latin, in the section that contains the giving of the Catechumenate with the various Expositions; also like the Winchester Pontifical, the Greek Credo has musical notation, while the Latin has no musical notation; also, curiously, the chanted Greek Credo has no Filioque interpolation in its text, while the Latin Credo has the lamentable Filioque addition in its text.  

The Greek text is transliterated into Latin letters, and the section regarding the Holy Ghost reads as follows:

"Ke is to Pneumato Agion to Kirion ke ho opion to ek thu Patros ek porreugemenon to sin Patri ke Io sin proskinumenon ke sin doxa ho menon to lalisan diaton Prophiton."

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, with the Father and the Son worshipped and glorified, Who spake through the Prophets.]

It can be found on page 102r of the manuscript. 

Of course, like many transliterated Latin text of the Greek Credo from the Medieval period, the pronunciation is often different than how one would pronounce the Greek today, and such; but, one can see this same issue in the Old Gelasian Sacramentary with its transliteration of the Greek Credo in Latin; the dropping and adding of certain consonants, etc, in places we wouldn't expect.  

Nevertheless, there still was a lively consciousness, I would argue, that even where the Latin interpolated Credo was beginning to be used, that the Greek Credo must be preserved unaltered.  Perhaps because there was some realization that peace must be maintained with the Eastern Church, as well as a conservative adherence to tradition, even while deviant innovation was creeping into the Latin Credo text.   But, one sees this preservation of the Greek Credo [and even un-interpolated Latin Credo] still in place in the 11th century (such as the Mainz text).  

 

Greek Credo in 11th Anglo-Saxon Pontifical

I have mentioned previously the 11th century Anglo-Saxon Pontifical known as CCCC Ms. 163.  It is Pontifical of a Continental type, and such, but, had some usage in 11th century England; associated with Abp. Ealdred of York. 

For our purposes, we have our attention turned to the section that deals with the Making of Catechumens, as it contains the singing of the Credo in Greek, and then, again, in Latin.   Go to page 46 [which is listed as page 43 in the actual manuscript]. 

What is interesting is that the Credo in Greek not only has musical notation, but, it simply reads in the following Latin transliteration of the Greek:

"Ke is to Penumato Agion tu Kyrion kezoopion to ek tu Patros ekporeugomenon ton si Patri ke Io sin proskynumenon ke in doxa, zomenon tolalisan diaton profiton."

That is:

"And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, Who from the Father Proceedeth, Who with the Father and the Son togenther is worshipped and glorified, Who spake by the Prophets." 

Now, in the next page, we have the Credo in Latin, and, unfortunately, the Credo is recited with the notorious interpolation in Latin with the well-known "qui ex Patre Filioque Procedit..." 

Of course, that the Credo was sung in Greek without the Filioque should tell us something.  The simple explanation that they copied a text and had no idea what it says doesn't seem satisfying, seeing that there ARE, in fact, 11th century Western books that have the Greek transliterated Credo but add a "ke Io" right after "ek tu Patros..."  While Greek may have not been as well-known as it should have been, this didn't mean there weren't Greek grammar books, and some individuals who understood the basics of the language.  

If some in the 11th century knew enough Greek to add the Filioque in Greek to a Latin transliterated Credo in some cases, then they could tell when they were looking at an untampered Greek Credo in Latin transliterated.  There are various speculative explanations for why they would keep the Greek Credo untampered with even in the second half of the 11th century in England; but, all we can say is that it was recited as such still in some places. 

11th Century Mainz Manuscript Credo without Filioque

One of the important areas of study in Church History that many have taken an interest in [myself included] is that involving early Latin liturgical manuscript, particularly of the first 1000 or so years.  One area of study is the exact text of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith [or "Mass Creed" as the Old English would have called it].  For example, how and when did the infamous "Filioque" interpolation find itself into it?  

One can also find an un-interpolated Credo in the 8th Century Salaberga Psalter; however, thanks to the article "Confessing the Faith in Anglo-Saxon England," by Miranda Wilcox, published by the University of Illinois Press, contained in the Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 113, No. 3 (July 2014), pp. 308-341, I was able to access an easily available listing of Latin manuscripts of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed of Anglo-Saxon provenance [i.e. they were either made in England, or by English scribes].