Greek Credo from 10th Century Essen Sacramentary

 The Essen Sacramentary, which is dated 950-1000AD, contains, beginning on page 405 (fol. 203r) the Ordinary Chants of the Mass in Greek, but, like most other Greek Ordinaries, it is transliterated into Latin letters. 

Of course, the Credo says:

"ke is tu Pneumatu Agyon tu Kyrion ke Zopion to ek tu Patros ek poreugomenos"

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.]

Also of interest is that it gives the Eastern Cherubic Hymn to be sung for the Offertory. 

Additional info about the Essen Sacramentary can be located at the Usuarium digital liturgical manuscript collection site. 

Hamilton 552, 11th Century Latin Psalter with Uninterpolated Latin Credo

 Uninterpolated Credo in 11^th Century Latin liturgical book from Germany (though, this Psalter may have a connection with Durham, England?):

https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN736607951&PHYSID=PHYS_0399&DMDID=DMDLOG_0006

MS Hamilton 552:

http://musmed.eu/source/8815

is an 11^th Century Medieval Psalter Book, with additional Divine Office prayers, etc. It contains, at the end of the Psalter, like other Medieval Psalters, various Canticles, as well as versions of the Credo; often one only sees the Apostles’ Creed. In this particular Latin Psalter from 11^th Century Germany, on page 339, however, there is the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (Symbol), in an unadulterated form, in Latin (but with transliterated Greek interlinear).

 Thus it reads in the section concerning the Holy Ghost:

[Latin]

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit, Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur, Qui locutus est per Prophetas.”

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Lifegiver, Who from the Father Proceedeth, Who with the Father and the Son together is adored and glorified, Who spake through the Prophets.]

At the very least, historiography will have to admit that there were several places and traditions in the West even in the 11^th century that resisted any interpolation.

10th Century Pontifical of Poitiers and Filioque Interpolation in Interlinear Latin

 This is the 10^th century Pontifical of Poitiers. In the section for Making of a Catechumen, at the giving of the Creed, we have the Creed written in Greek in Latin letters, and then, an interlinear Latin translation.

In the transliterated Greek it just reads (on fol. 55v) as:

“Ke is to Penuma to Agion to Kyrrion ke Zoopion to ek tu Patros ek Porreugomenon.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.”]

In the Latin interlinear text, however, we notice something curious. In the original Latin text it just reads as:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, ex Patre Procedens.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.”]

However, you notice that a later hand, with darker ink, has tampered with the text, so that we have the following emendation:

“Qui” added to before “ex” and “Filioque” added immediate after “Patre” and the original “procedens” has been erased, and the form “procedit” put in its place.

The Gelasian form of the Latin Symbol generally read simply as “ex Patre Procedens” or sometimes "Procedentem".

Nevertheless, the Pontifical was made in the 10^th Century in Poitiers, for the Bishop of that City, and the original 10^th Century text simply had the Credo in Greek (with the interlinear gloss having a faithful translation, absent a much later interpolation).

HOWEVER, if we go only to the page after the Greek Credo is completed (56v), things get even better. There, the Credo is to be recited formally in Latin (while the interlinear text in Latin was not a formal recitation), with the formal Latin Symbol / Credo in the relevant section saying:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivifcatorem, ex Patre Procedentem.”

“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life, from the Father Proceeding.”]

No interpolation was attempted. So, what happened? Well, whoever took the book, and much later interpolated the interlinear Latin, apparently didn’t do a very thorough job; he simply added the forbidden “Filioque” only to the interlinear, and left the formal Latin a page later uncorrupted!

When was the interlinear text corrupted? My guess is in the 11^th Century when other cataclysmic changes happened.

Greek and Latin Credo in 10th Century Cod. Sang. 318 and the Filioque

 Cod. Sang. 318 is a 10^th Century Cantatorium / Gradual from St. Gallen Monastery in Switzerland. In the section that gives the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith in Greek and Latin, see page 21:

https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0381/21/0/

In Latin it simply reads as:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life, Who from the Father Proceedeth.”]

In the transliterated Greek it reads much the same, except, I believe, a later hand has added “ke Yio” (and the Son) so that it follows “ek tu Patros.”

That is, in a slightly less darker ink, a little off to the side a later hand interpolate the manuscript, so, instead of reading originally as “Ke is to Penumato Agion to Kyrrion ke Zoopion ton ek tu Patros ek poreugomenon,” after “ton ek tu Patro” the phrase “ke Yio” is added.”

But, yet the later hand forgot to interpolate the Latin Symbol, instead leaving it uncorrupted as “Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

Often, when later redactors go over books, it is not too difficult to tell when they start adding things; something seems strangely out of place, a phrase off to the side that is evident, a lighter or even different color ink, etc.

Yet, this is an important testimony that the Latin variant of the Credo that reads “Qui ex Patre Procedit” instead of “Ex Patre Procedentem” did exist without a Filioque interpolation.

A Blessed Feast of Holy Transfiguration!

 

Greek Symbol of Faith (Credo) in the 950 Sacramentary of Mainz

 In the 10th Century Sacramentary of Mainz, probably belong to Abbey of St. Alban, we find the Ordinary of the Mass (i.e., Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, etc) written in Greek transliterated in Latin letters. 

For the Symbol of Faith, or Credo, on page 10 we read the following:

"Ke is to Pneumato Agion to Kirion ke Zoopion to ek tu Patros ekporeugemnon to sin Patri ke Io sin proskynumenos ke sin doxa." 

That is:

"And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, with the Father and the Son together worshipped and glorified." 

Singing the Ordinary of the Mass in the Greek language was not entirely unknown in the Latin West at the time. 

11th Century Subiaco Missal with Uninterpolated Credo

 Yet another example of an uncorrupted book from the 11th century.

For reference purposes:

Here is BAV, Vat. Lat. 04770, or the Subiaco Missal (yes, that Subiaco, famed after St. Benedict's Monastery founded there), of about 1025.
https://usuarium.elte.hu/book/1584/view

https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.lat.4770

If we turn to the section that has the Making of a Catechumen service, part of Baptism, specifically on pages 97v and r we find the Credo recited first in Greek (in transliterated Latin letters), and then in Latin.

The transliterated Greek contains the Credo with simply "from the Father Proceeding".

If you look on the next page, for the formally recited Latin text, it reads:
"Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, ex Patre Procedentem, Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur."
["And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding, Who with the Father and the Son together is adored and glorified."]

This is another example of an uninterpolated Credal text in the Latin West prior to the Great Schism. Subiaco was an important monastery centre, since it was where St. Benedict founded his first monastery.