St. John Maximovitch (+1966) Celebrating Gallican Rite Mass

 "Never, never, never let anyone tell you that, in order to be Orthodox, you must also be eastern. The West was Orthodox for a thousand years, and her venerable liturgy is far older than any of her heresies."--St. John Maximovitch

From the Anglo-Saxon Pentiential

From the Old English Handbook for Confessors:

"Concerning the priest's discretion

He who is the physician of men's souls and the counsellor of their deeds must consider that distinction and that difference: how he shall assign penance to men for their deeds, and yet not condemn them or cause them to despair. When one wishes to confess his misdeeds to him, first listen to him patiently (and learn) how his condition might be advised. If he wishes and knows how to confess his deeds humbly, and you perceive that his sins cause him sorrow, instruct him kindly and compassionately. If he does not know how to confess his deeds and to consider his offenses, ask him about his condition, and wrest the offenses from him, and search out his deeds, and be mindful yourself that you must never pass judgment in the same way on the powerful and the lowly, the free and the enslaved, the old and the young, the well and the sickly, the humble and the proud; the strong and the weak, those in orders and lay people. In every act a prudent judge must distinguish wisely how it was done, and where and when. At no time is wrongdoing allowed, and nevertheless one must also most earnestly be on guard against it during festival seasons and in times of fasting and in festival places. And always, as one is mightier or greater of rank, so must he repent wrongdoing more deeply before God and before the world. For the powerful and the weak are not able to lift up a similar burden, nor the one who is well. And therefore one must take the measure of and discreetly distinguish between after After this let him arise humbly to his confession and then say, first:"I believe in God the great Father, Ruler of all things, and in the Son, and in the Holy Spirit; and I believe in life after death; and I believe that I will arise on Doomsday, and all this I believe will come to pass through God's power and mercy."And then, with contrite mind and humbly, let him say his confession to his confessor, bending humbly; and say thus "I confess to Almighty God and to my confessor, the spiritual physician, all the sins that ever through cursed spirits, have happened to me in defilement, in deed or in thought, with men or with women or with any creature, natural or unnatural sins of the body. "I confess greediness in eating both before and after time." "I confess all covetousness and envy, and calumnies and deceits, lies and evil boasts, and idle words and wrongful choices, and every ornament that has ever contributed to the injury of my body. "I confess that I was too often a worker of sins, and a helper of sins, and an accomplice of sins, and a teacher of sins. "I confess the mortal sins of my mind, and false oaths, and strife, and pride, and disregard of God's commandments. "I confess all that I have ever seen with my eyes in covetousness or calumny, or heard with my ears to ill use, or said to ill use with my mouth. "I confess to you all the sins of my body, for skin, for flesh, for bone, for sinews, for veins, for gristle, for tongue, for lips, for gums, and for teeth, for hair, and for marrow, for everything soft or hard, wet or dry. "I confess that I have kept to my baptism worse than I promised to my Lord, and my rank, which I ought to have kept in praise of God and his holy ones and for my own eternal salvation, I have held unworthily. "I confess that I have often neglected my canonical hours and sworn false oaths on my Lord's life, and taken my Lord's name in vain. "For all that I ask for my Lord's forgiveness, that the devil may never charge me with fault, so that I (might be) without confession and repentance of my sins. "So today I confess all my sins before the Lord Savior Christ, who rules heaven and earth, and before this holy altar, and this reliquary, and before my confessor and the Lord's masspriest, and am in pure and true confession, and with good will for the repenting of all my sins, and afterwards to desist from those that ever I might commit. "And you, Christ the Savior, be merciful to my soul and forgiving and blot out my sins and my offenses that ever I did, late or early, and lead me to your high kingdom so that I might dwell there with your holy and chosen ones in eternity ever without end. "Now I ask you humbly, priest of the Lord, that you be my witness on Doomsday, so that the devil might not obtain power over me, and so that you be my intercessor with the Lord, so that I might be able to repent all my sins and offenses, and cease from such things. For that may the Lord, he who lives and reigns ever without end in eternity, sustain me. Amen.

And if anyone does something wrong unintentionally, that is not like the one who does wrong wilfully and intentionally; and also he who is the involuntary agent of that in which he does wrong, he is always deserving of protection and the milder judgment, because he was the unwilling agent of that which he did. Let each one distinguish each deed truly before God and before the world.

http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=TOEH201_115

 "It is fitting that the priest should ponder the repentance of sinful men, according to the bishop's judgment; and he should never hesitate, neither for the rich nor for the poor, to prescribe correctly for them as the book teaches him. For the Savior says that if the priest does not wish to prescribe penance for the sinful one for his sins, that he (the Savior) would afterwards ask him (the priest) about the soul. That is, the Savior will hold the priest responsible for the lost soul. [Ezekiel 3:18: If, when I say to the wicked, Thou shalt surely die: thou declare it not to him, nor speak to him, that he may be converted from his wicked way, and live: the same wicked man shall die in his iniquity, but I will require his blood at thy hand.] St. Isidore said that it was his opinion that a man's true confession and conversion on his last day would be acceptable to God, for the Savior said, "On whatever day of life a man turns to a good life, he shall live and shall not die." [see Ezekiel] On that account genuine conversion is not to be shunned in whatever time that it might be; for God sees every man's mind and knows the secrets of every man's heart."

[Old English Penitential]
http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=TOEP482_1b

Greek Credo from 10th Century Essen Sacramentary

 The Essen Sacramentary, which is dated 950-1000AD, contains, beginning on page 405 (fol. 203r) the Ordinary Chants of the Mass in Greek, but, like most other Greek Ordinaries, it is transliterated into Latin letters. 

Of course, the Credo says:

"ke is tu Pneumatu Agyon tu Kyrion ke Zopion to ek tu Patros ek poreugomenos"

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.]

Also of interest is that it gives the Eastern Cherubic Hymn to be sung for the Offertory. 

Additional info about the Essen Sacramentary can be located at the Usuarium digital liturgical manuscript collection site. 

Hamilton 552, 11th Century Latin Psalter with Uninterpolated Latin Credo

 Uninterpolated Credo in 11^th Century Latin liturgical book from Germany (though, this Psalter may have a connection with Durham, England?):

https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN736607951&PHYSID=PHYS_0399&DMDID=DMDLOG_0006

MS Hamilton 552:

http://musmed.eu/source/8815

is an 11^th Century Medieval Psalter Book, with additional Divine Office prayers, etc. It contains, at the end of the Psalter, like other Medieval Psalters, various Canticles, as well as versions of the Credo; often one only sees the Apostles’ Creed. In this particular Latin Psalter from 11^th Century Germany, on page 339, however, there is the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (Symbol), in an unadulterated form, in Latin (but with transliterated Greek interlinear).

 Thus it reads in the section concerning the Holy Ghost:

[Latin]

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit, Qui cum Patre et Filio simul adoratur et conglorificatur, Qui locutus est per Prophetas.”

[And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Lifegiver, Who from the Father Proceedeth, Who with the Father and the Son together is adored and glorified, Who spake through the Prophets.]

At the very least, historiography will have to admit that there were several places and traditions in the West even in the 11^th century that resisted any interpolation.

10th Century Pontifical of Poitiers and Filioque Interpolation in Interlinear Latin

 This is the 10^th century Pontifical of Poitiers. In the section for Making of a Catechumen, at the giving of the Creed, we have the Creed written in Greek in Latin letters, and then, an interlinear Latin translation.

In the transliterated Greek it just reads (on fol. 55v) as:

“Ke is to Penuma to Agion to Kyrrion ke Zoopion to ek tu Patros ek Porreugomenon.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.”]

In the Latin interlinear text, however, we notice something curious. In the original Latin text it just reads as:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, ex Patre Procedens.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Life-Giver, from the Father Proceeding.”]

However, you notice that a later hand, with darker ink, has tampered with the text, so that we have the following emendation:

“Qui” added to before “ex” and “Filioque” added immediate after “Patre” and the original “procedens” has been erased, and the form “procedit” put in its place.

The Gelasian form of the Latin Symbol generally read simply as “ex Patre Procedens” or sometimes "Procedentem".

Nevertheless, the Pontifical was made in the 10^th Century in Poitiers, for the Bishop of that City, and the original 10^th Century text simply had the Credo in Greek (with the interlinear gloss having a faithful translation, absent a much later interpolation).

HOWEVER, if we go only to the page after the Greek Credo is completed (56v), things get even better. There, the Credo is to be recited formally in Latin (while the interlinear text in Latin was not a formal recitation), with the formal Latin Symbol / Credo in the relevant section saying:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivifcatorem, ex Patre Procedentem.”

“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life, from the Father Proceeding.”]

No interpolation was attempted. So, what happened? Well, whoever took the book, and much later interpolated the interlinear Latin, apparently didn’t do a very thorough job; he simply added the forbidden “Filioque” only to the interlinear, and left the formal Latin a page later uncorrupted!

When was the interlinear text corrupted? My guess is in the 11^th Century when other cataclysmic changes happened.

Greek and Latin Credo in 10th Century Cod. Sang. 318 and the Filioque

 Cod. Sang. 318 is a 10^th Century Cantatorium / Gradual from St. Gallen Monastery in Switzerland. In the section that gives the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith in Greek and Latin, see page 21:

https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0381/21/0/

In Latin it simply reads as:

“Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dominum et Vivificantem, Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

[“And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life, Who from the Father Proceedeth.”]

In the transliterated Greek it reads much the same, except, I believe, a later hand has added “ke Yio” (and the Son) so that it follows “ek tu Patros.”

That is, in a slightly less darker ink, a little off to the side a later hand interpolate the manuscript, so, instead of reading originally as “Ke is to Penumato Agion to Kyrrion ke Zoopion ton ek tu Patros ek poreugomenon,” after “ton ek tu Patro” the phrase “ke Yio” is added.”

But, yet the later hand forgot to interpolate the Latin Symbol, instead leaving it uncorrupted as “Qui ex Patre Procedit.”

Often, when later redactors go over books, it is not too difficult to tell when they start adding things; something seems strangely out of place, a phrase off to the side that is evident, a lighter or even different color ink, etc.

Yet, this is an important testimony that the Latin variant of the Credo that reads “Qui ex Patre Procedit” instead of “Ex Patre Procedentem” did exist without a Filioque interpolation.

A Blessed Feast of Holy Transfiguration!